Chapter 1: In the postcard that Wayne Westerberg received from McCandless from April 27th, 1992, McCandless stated that he had arrived at Fairbanks. He made it very clear about how he's really putting everything behind and focusing on his new life in the wild by telling Westerberg to return all the mail he receives to the sender. He also stated that there might be a big possibility he's not returning home and that this may be the last time he'll be hearing from him. "If this adventure proves fatal and you don't ever hear from me again I want you to know you're a great man," he wrote in the letter. This epigraph was placed in the beginning of chapter one because this chapter talks about the last time anyone has seen Chris McCandless alive. This chapter also includes the way Krakauer and the three other men discovered Chris's corpse.
Chapter 2: When Chris's corpse was found in the Bus 142, a graffito carved into a piece of wood was found in the bus. It says, "Jack London is King," written by Chris McCandless himself on May 1992. Another epigraph was placed below, it stated: "It was the masterful and incommunicable wisdom of eternity laughing at the futility of life and the effort of life. It was the Wild, the savage, frozen-hearted Northland Wild," written by Jack London from White Fang. This epigraph explains darker side of nature. Although nature is such a beautiful and pleasant thing to lay your eyes on, this epigraph describes the harmful and more dangerous side of it. A place where no man belongs in. This epigraph connects with the context that is within this chapter because of the findings of Chris's corpse. An autopsy was performed on Chris's remains and research was done to see what had happened to him. It was said that his remains weighed sixty-seven pounds and his muscles have withered significantly. This proves how severe nature can damage a man who does not belong in it.
Chapter 3: In one of the books that were in Chris McCandless's possession, a highlighted excerpt from "Family Happiness" by Leo Tolstoy was discovered. It included a statement that declared the desire to step out of a comfort zone and explore a place that is challenging: "I felt in myself a superabundance of energy which found no outlet in our quiet life." Beneath this excerpt was an epigraph from The American West As Living Space by Wallace Stegner. This epigraph talks about the fact that it's a part of every person to have the longing of having the freedom to do as they please, without any responsibilities or with anyone around to judge. To be free from everything and everyone, "with absolute freedom, and the road has always led west." This epigraph fits in perfectly for chapter 3 because a bit of Chris's background was announced in this chapter. It talks about the transition Chris made from being an excellent student and thought to be a person who would strive for the best future to a person who only wanted to be free and get lost into the wild. It also included the time when Chris had donated all his money in his college fund and decided to "disappear for a while." The idea of Chris wanting to be alone and to be away from everyone and everything was extremely lucid through the way he had acted. He loved the idea though and did not care about what anyone else would and had said about it.
Chapter 4: An excerpt from Man in the Landscape: A Historic View of the Esthetics of Nature by Paul Shepard was placed in the beginning of chapter four to start it off. It explains the fact that nature is a very unusual and unfamiliar place. It often changes depending on where the perspective is coming from, "the mind is beset by light and space... In other habitats, the rim of sky above the horizontal is broken or obscured." Chapter four was the best place to put this epigraph in because it explains the part of the journey Chris had that really screams exploring nature. He traveled to many places, through boat, hitchhiking or by foot.
Chapter 5: A quote was pulled out of Jack London's The Call of the Wild in the beginning of chapter 5. The quote talks about the character beginning to develop under the influence of the wild. It stated, "his newborn cunning gave him poise and control." A graffito found inside the bus on the stampede trail was written by Chris that said, "all hail the Dominant Primordial Beast!" These two epigraphs connects with this chapter because this chapter includes details of how much Chris had developed ever since he started his journey. He became a lot more independent and didn't care about what others said about him. He had gotten use to the fact of being alone and being on his own despite of the people he met and had spent time with.
Chapter 6: This chapter talks about the person who Chris had impacted the most, Ronald A. Franz. It talked about the first time they have met, how and why Franz began to grow very found of Chris and how Chris was able to turn his life back around. Since Franz lost his wife and his only son from a car accident, his life was never the same again. He separated himself from everyone and life wasn't as beautiful and happy as he saw it to be like before. It only changed for the better when he made Chris. Chris had a charm that really struck Franz quite hard. Chris had even lectured the old man about leaving the life he has right now to a new life, a new life in the wilderness. Chris believed that there's nothing more beautiful than being able to see the beautiful things that has been placed onto this world, he also believed that it will do a person more good being in the wilderness than it would being in the world filled with people. The passage that was placed in the beginning of chapter six was from Henry David Thoreau's Walden, or Life in the Woods. It explains the fact that happiness can be found in nature. Thoreau states that, "if the day and the night are such that you greet them with joy, and life emits a fragrance like flowers and sweet-scented herbs."
Chapter 7: A quote from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was set in the beginning of chapter 7. It talks about a man who had left his family but didn't say why. Another excerpt was placed beneath this quote. It was from Solitude: A Return to the Self by Anthony Storr. The beautiful passage declared that there are differently type of people out there. Some who make "mature personal relationships and some are extremely isolated." A few more sentences into the passage, it states that "we can see that avoidant infant might very well develop into a person whose principal need was to find some kind of meaning and order in life..." These epigraphs truly identify what Chris was like. This chapter includes moments in Chris's life where he had certain relationships with people. It was stated that he had friends and was a very sociable person but he didn't have any girlfriends and he also separated himself from others very often. He enjoyed being alone.
Chapter 8: Chapter 8 mentions two other men who were similar to Chris in a few ways. These two men and Chris were similar because they all went out to the wild and had a little adventure. They all wanted to accomplish and experience life without people being around. All three ended up the same way also, dead. Two epigraphs were placed onto the beginning of chapter 8 as in introduction. The first epigraph was from Theodore Roszak's "In Search of the Miraculous," it stated that creative talents may often be a bad habit. It can often lead to risky situations: "... to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life..." The second epigraph was from Edward Hoagland's "Up the Black to Chalkyitsik." This passage included facts about the difference of where McCandless have chosen to go to comparing to other dangerous places. Concluding that Alaska was a much more difficult place to survive and have a living in.
Chapter 9: A passage of the last letter that Everett Reuss's brother had received from him was documented onto the beginning of the chapter. It talks about how he doesn't find it foolish nor was he scared to be in the wilderness. He had even asked in the letter, "do you blame me then for staying here?" to his brother. Reuss also stated that he has learned to contain himself. Another excerpt was placed under this passage, it was from Mormon Country by Wallace Stegner. It included a quote that says, "esthetics as a parlor affection is ludicrous... as a way of life it sometimes attains dignity." This chapter talks about the similarities Reuss had with McCandless. He was like him in so many ways, from his intelligence to the desire to be alone and into the wild. He wanted to be independent and free, alike Chris McCandless.
Chapter 10: A part of the article that was in the New York Times about the findings of Chris McCandless remains were set on chapter ten. It included many information about Chris. It included the fact that his diary was found and also included a couple of what a few of his diary entries were talking about. However, the article also stated that the identification of the body has not yet been found. Chapter ten talks about all the reports of all the people who had met and knew Chris when he was alive. There were many pieces that were taken from the interview and were placed into this chapter. It really helped shape what type of person Chris really was.
Chapter 11: In the beginning of chapter eleven, a passage that was highlighted by Chris from Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago was placed there. This passage explains the importance for a person to find a need for a purpose. A need for purpose to continue doing what one has been doing. Pasternek stated "you needed to surrender to some such ultimate purpose more fully..." This chapter was another chapter that talks about Chris's old memories and he was and what he did back then when he was younger. It talked about the memories he and his family together all the way to what type of person Chris was. The information that was placed on this chapter really helped to try to figure out what type of person Chris was. It talked about his attitude, his actions, his behavior towards certain things and all really leads to the message the passage from Doctor Zhivago was trying to give, to find a purpose.
Chapter 12: Chapter twelve explained the climax as to why Chris had choice to go about his way the way did. It talked about the situation that happened between Walt and his first wife and that seems to have trigger this new idea Chris began projecting in his mind. After he had found out about the incident between his father and the woman, his whole attitude and relationship has changed when it came to both of his parents. He had everything, he was rich, intelligent and had what seem to be a beautiful life to an outsider but something was missing in Chris's perspective. "I went away hungry from the inhospitable board. The hospitality was so cold as the ices," this was great quote that Krakauer pulled from Chris's belongings that really helped view how Chris had felt. This quote was highlighted by Chris from Henry David Thoreau's Walden, or Life in the Woods. Another quote that really aided this idea as well was a quote from G.K. Chesterton. It stated, "for children are innocent and love justice, while most of us are wicked and naturally prefer mercy." This quote can really help picture how Chris was feeling and what he was seeing. All Chris wanted was to find true happiness again and it seemed that he could only have found this being in the wild on his own.
Chapter 13: This chapter was mainly about Carine's interview about Chris. She talked about how Chris's personality was and what type of person he was. She was impacted by Chris's death as bad as Ronald A. Franz. Carine explained what she and her family had gone through in order to cope from Chris's death. At the end of the day, however, Carine knew that Chris was happy. She knew he had gone off and done what he wanted to do the most, and that was the most important thing. She knew he enjoyed eveyr bit of it. A passage that connects so thoroughly with this chapter would be the passage from The Stars, the Snow, the Fire: Twenty-Five Years in the Northern Wilderness by John Haines. It included a quote that stated, "I [wanted] to put away thought forever, and all the trouble it brings...to take the trail and not look back", something Chris would have said.
Chapter 14: Two epigraphs were placed in the beginning of this chapter. One was from "Letter from a Man" by John Menlove Edwards and another was from Journal by Henry David Thoreau. Chapter fourteen included the journey Jon Krakauer had on his way to climbing the Devil's Thumb. It talked about how he got there, the mishaps that had happened to him while he was there and his accomplishment of climing Devil's Thumb. The two excerpts fit perfectly for the introduction of this chapter because the first epigraph from "Letter from a Man" by John Menlove, talked about the desire to do something "more, something tangible." It was the desire to do something dangerous and risky but something that would be remembered. The next epigraph talked about thrill of stepping foot on a nature. Although it's dangerous, it's somewhere where you can't help but begin to wander in.
Chapter 15: An excerpt from John Muir's The Mountains of California talked about the uncontrollable urge to cross glaciers and torrents. An example that gives the idea of the urge to explore nature a bit further. Another excerpt from The Dead Father by Donald Barthelme was placed in the beginning of this chapter. It talked about the love that one had for another or something that wasn't noticed by them. Krakauer takes this chapter and try to show the similarities he has with Chris McCandless even more. He explained the relationship he had with his own father and how they were alike to Chris and his father. Krakauer hinted that he went off to the wild and challenged to get on that Devil's Thumb because of his father. This was another way that Krakauer can truly relate to Chris because Chris went off to the path that he had gone to because of his father as well.
Chapter 16: Krakauer had placed a great quote in the beginning of chapter 16. It was from Estwick Evans's A Pedestrious Tour, of Four Thousand Miles, Through the Western States and Territories. It included a quote that said, "I wished to acquire the simplicity, native feelings and virtues of savage life...and to find, amidst the solitude...more correct views of human nature." Another excerpt was from Roderick Nash's Wilderness and the American Mind. It explains how the freedom of the wilderness can really create "a perfect setting for either melancholy or exultation. " This may have been right according to Chris. This chapter describes Chris's journey to Alaska and how he was doing for the past few weeks there. It really enhances the idea about how much Chris wanted to be on his own and how he wanted to be independent. It seemed that he really enjoyed the fact that he was aware of how the being in the wilderness really changed him.
Chapter 17: A passage from "Ktaadn" by Henry David Thoreau was used in this chapter. It explains the beauty and power of nature and how it can affect a human when they are in the wilderness. He stated "think of our life in nature," trying to say that nature can really change a person. It can really help bring out someone that was hidden deep beneath the person's soul. This chapter describes how, what, where and why Chris McCandless's body was found. It also stated information about the findings of his possessions and where he had lived in. It helped shape the image of the type of world Chris was living in when he was living in the wilderness. He didn't own much but it was enough to keep him alive for many months. It really showed how much nature has helped change Chris into the person who really was.
Chapter 18: The excerpt from The Hungry Summer by John M. Campbell talked about the risks of living in the wilderness and feeding off natural food that comes from outside. He stated that "the life of a hunter carries with it the threat of deprivation and death by starvation." The next excerpt was from Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak. It talks about the meaning of a man's history. The journey of life a man had until the day of his death. These epigraphs connect to chapter eighteen because in this chapter, Krakauer was trying to figure out how Chris McCandless had died. He pulled out many information and had gathered them all together to figure it out. Eventually, he figured that maybe it was the food that he had eaten, molded potato seeds that had killed him. It also states parts from his journal about his journey and how he lived in Alaska. It stated the struggles the Chris was writing about that he was having and he also had jotted down his accomplishment.
Chapter 2: When Chris's corpse was found in the Bus 142, a graffito carved into a piece of wood was found in the bus. It says, "Jack London is King," written by Chris McCandless himself on May 1992. Another epigraph was placed below, it stated: "It was the masterful and incommunicable wisdom of eternity laughing at the futility of life and the effort of life. It was the Wild, the savage, frozen-hearted Northland Wild," written by Jack London from White Fang. This epigraph explains darker side of nature. Although nature is such a beautiful and pleasant thing to lay your eyes on, this epigraph describes the harmful and more dangerous side of it. A place where no man belongs in. This epigraph connects with the context that is within this chapter because of the findings of Chris's corpse. An autopsy was performed on Chris's remains and research was done to see what had happened to him. It was said that his remains weighed sixty-seven pounds and his muscles have withered significantly. This proves how severe nature can damage a man who does not belong in it.
Chapter 3: In one of the books that were in Chris McCandless's possession, a highlighted excerpt from "Family Happiness" by Leo Tolstoy was discovered. It included a statement that declared the desire to step out of a comfort zone and explore a place that is challenging: "I felt in myself a superabundance of energy which found no outlet in our quiet life." Beneath this excerpt was an epigraph from The American West As Living Space by Wallace Stegner. This epigraph talks about the fact that it's a part of every person to have the longing of having the freedom to do as they please, without any responsibilities or with anyone around to judge. To be free from everything and everyone, "with absolute freedom, and the road has always led west." This epigraph fits in perfectly for chapter 3 because a bit of Chris's background was announced in this chapter. It talks about the transition Chris made from being an excellent student and thought to be a person who would strive for the best future to a person who only wanted to be free and get lost into the wild. It also included the time when Chris had donated all his money in his college fund and decided to "disappear for a while." The idea of Chris wanting to be alone and to be away from everyone and everything was extremely lucid through the way he had acted. He loved the idea though and did not care about what anyone else would and had said about it.
Chapter 4: An excerpt from Man in the Landscape: A Historic View of the Esthetics of Nature by Paul Shepard was placed in the beginning of chapter four to start it off. It explains the fact that nature is a very unusual and unfamiliar place. It often changes depending on where the perspective is coming from, "the mind is beset by light and space... In other habitats, the rim of sky above the horizontal is broken or obscured." Chapter four was the best place to put this epigraph in because it explains the part of the journey Chris had that really screams exploring nature. He traveled to many places, through boat, hitchhiking or by foot.
Chapter 5: A quote was pulled out of Jack London's The Call of the Wild in the beginning of chapter 5. The quote talks about the character beginning to develop under the influence of the wild. It stated, "his newborn cunning gave him poise and control." A graffito found inside the bus on the stampede trail was written by Chris that said, "all hail the Dominant Primordial Beast!" These two epigraphs connects with this chapter because this chapter includes details of how much Chris had developed ever since he started his journey. He became a lot more independent and didn't care about what others said about him. He had gotten use to the fact of being alone and being on his own despite of the people he met and had spent time with.
Chapter 6: This chapter talks about the person who Chris had impacted the most, Ronald A. Franz. It talked about the first time they have met, how and why Franz began to grow very found of Chris and how Chris was able to turn his life back around. Since Franz lost his wife and his only son from a car accident, his life was never the same again. He separated himself from everyone and life wasn't as beautiful and happy as he saw it to be like before. It only changed for the better when he made Chris. Chris had a charm that really struck Franz quite hard. Chris had even lectured the old man about leaving the life he has right now to a new life, a new life in the wilderness. Chris believed that there's nothing more beautiful than being able to see the beautiful things that has been placed onto this world, he also believed that it will do a person more good being in the wilderness than it would being in the world filled with people. The passage that was placed in the beginning of chapter six was from Henry David Thoreau's Walden, or Life in the Woods. It explains the fact that happiness can be found in nature. Thoreau states that, "if the day and the night are such that you greet them with joy, and life emits a fragrance like flowers and sweet-scented herbs."
Chapter 7: A quote from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was set in the beginning of chapter 7. It talks about a man who had left his family but didn't say why. Another excerpt was placed beneath this quote. It was from Solitude: A Return to the Self by Anthony Storr. The beautiful passage declared that there are differently type of people out there. Some who make "mature personal relationships and some are extremely isolated." A few more sentences into the passage, it states that "we can see that avoidant infant might very well develop into a person whose principal need was to find some kind of meaning and order in life..." These epigraphs truly identify what Chris was like. This chapter includes moments in Chris's life where he had certain relationships with people. It was stated that he had friends and was a very sociable person but he didn't have any girlfriends and he also separated himself from others very often. He enjoyed being alone.
Chapter 8: Chapter 8 mentions two other men who were similar to Chris in a few ways. These two men and Chris were similar because they all went out to the wild and had a little adventure. They all wanted to accomplish and experience life without people being around. All three ended up the same way also, dead. Two epigraphs were placed onto the beginning of chapter 8 as in introduction. The first epigraph was from Theodore Roszak's "In Search of the Miraculous," it stated that creative talents may often be a bad habit. It can often lead to risky situations: "... to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life..." The second epigraph was from Edward Hoagland's "Up the Black to Chalkyitsik." This passage included facts about the difference of where McCandless have chosen to go to comparing to other dangerous places. Concluding that Alaska was a much more difficult place to survive and have a living in.
Chapter 9: A passage of the last letter that Everett Reuss's brother had received from him was documented onto the beginning of the chapter. It talks about how he doesn't find it foolish nor was he scared to be in the wilderness. He had even asked in the letter, "do you blame me then for staying here?" to his brother. Reuss also stated that he has learned to contain himself. Another excerpt was placed under this passage, it was from Mormon Country by Wallace Stegner. It included a quote that says, "esthetics as a parlor affection is ludicrous... as a way of life it sometimes attains dignity." This chapter talks about the similarities Reuss had with McCandless. He was like him in so many ways, from his intelligence to the desire to be alone and into the wild. He wanted to be independent and free, alike Chris McCandless.
Chapter 10: A part of the article that was in the New York Times about the findings of Chris McCandless remains were set on chapter ten. It included many information about Chris. It included the fact that his diary was found and also included a couple of what a few of his diary entries were talking about. However, the article also stated that the identification of the body has not yet been found. Chapter ten talks about all the reports of all the people who had met and knew Chris when he was alive. There were many pieces that were taken from the interview and were placed into this chapter. It really helped shape what type of person Chris really was.
Chapter 11: In the beginning of chapter eleven, a passage that was highlighted by Chris from Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago was placed there. This passage explains the importance for a person to find a need for a purpose. A need for purpose to continue doing what one has been doing. Pasternek stated "you needed to surrender to some such ultimate purpose more fully..." This chapter was another chapter that talks about Chris's old memories and he was and what he did back then when he was younger. It talked about the memories he and his family together all the way to what type of person Chris was. The information that was placed on this chapter really helped to try to figure out what type of person Chris was. It talked about his attitude, his actions, his behavior towards certain things and all really leads to the message the passage from Doctor Zhivago was trying to give, to find a purpose.
Chapter 12: Chapter twelve explained the climax as to why Chris had choice to go about his way the way did. It talked about the situation that happened between Walt and his first wife and that seems to have trigger this new idea Chris began projecting in his mind. After he had found out about the incident between his father and the woman, his whole attitude and relationship has changed when it came to both of his parents. He had everything, he was rich, intelligent and had what seem to be a beautiful life to an outsider but something was missing in Chris's perspective. "I went away hungry from the inhospitable board. The hospitality was so cold as the ices," this was great quote that Krakauer pulled from Chris's belongings that really helped view how Chris had felt. This quote was highlighted by Chris from Henry David Thoreau's Walden, or Life in the Woods. Another quote that really aided this idea as well was a quote from G.K. Chesterton. It stated, "for children are innocent and love justice, while most of us are wicked and naturally prefer mercy." This quote can really help picture how Chris was feeling and what he was seeing. All Chris wanted was to find true happiness again and it seemed that he could only have found this being in the wild on his own.
Chapter 13: This chapter was mainly about Carine's interview about Chris. She talked about how Chris's personality was and what type of person he was. She was impacted by Chris's death as bad as Ronald A. Franz. Carine explained what she and her family had gone through in order to cope from Chris's death. At the end of the day, however, Carine knew that Chris was happy. She knew he had gone off and done what he wanted to do the most, and that was the most important thing. She knew he enjoyed eveyr bit of it. A passage that connects so thoroughly with this chapter would be the passage from The Stars, the Snow, the Fire: Twenty-Five Years in the Northern Wilderness by John Haines. It included a quote that stated, "I [wanted] to put away thought forever, and all the trouble it brings...to take the trail and not look back", something Chris would have said.
Chapter 14: Two epigraphs were placed in the beginning of this chapter. One was from "Letter from a Man" by John Menlove Edwards and another was from Journal by Henry David Thoreau. Chapter fourteen included the journey Jon Krakauer had on his way to climbing the Devil's Thumb. It talked about how he got there, the mishaps that had happened to him while he was there and his accomplishment of climing Devil's Thumb. The two excerpts fit perfectly for the introduction of this chapter because the first epigraph from "Letter from a Man" by John Menlove, talked about the desire to do something "more, something tangible." It was the desire to do something dangerous and risky but something that would be remembered. The next epigraph talked about thrill of stepping foot on a nature. Although it's dangerous, it's somewhere where you can't help but begin to wander in.
Chapter 15: An excerpt from John Muir's The Mountains of California talked about the uncontrollable urge to cross glaciers and torrents. An example that gives the idea of the urge to explore nature a bit further. Another excerpt from The Dead Father by Donald Barthelme was placed in the beginning of this chapter. It talked about the love that one had for another or something that wasn't noticed by them. Krakauer takes this chapter and try to show the similarities he has with Chris McCandless even more. He explained the relationship he had with his own father and how they were alike to Chris and his father. Krakauer hinted that he went off to the wild and challenged to get on that Devil's Thumb because of his father. This was another way that Krakauer can truly relate to Chris because Chris went off to the path that he had gone to because of his father as well.
Chapter 16: Krakauer had placed a great quote in the beginning of chapter 16. It was from Estwick Evans's A Pedestrious Tour, of Four Thousand Miles, Through the Western States and Territories. It included a quote that said, "I wished to acquire the simplicity, native feelings and virtues of savage life...and to find, amidst the solitude...more correct views of human nature." Another excerpt was from Roderick Nash's Wilderness and the American Mind. It explains how the freedom of the wilderness can really create "a perfect setting for either melancholy or exultation. " This may have been right according to Chris. This chapter describes Chris's journey to Alaska and how he was doing for the past few weeks there. It really enhances the idea about how much Chris wanted to be on his own and how he wanted to be independent. It seemed that he really enjoyed the fact that he was aware of how the being in the wilderness really changed him.
Chapter 17: A passage from "Ktaadn" by Henry David Thoreau was used in this chapter. It explains the beauty and power of nature and how it can affect a human when they are in the wilderness. He stated "think of our life in nature," trying to say that nature can really change a person. It can really help bring out someone that was hidden deep beneath the person's soul. This chapter describes how, what, where and why Chris McCandless's body was found. It also stated information about the findings of his possessions and where he had lived in. It helped shape the image of the type of world Chris was living in when he was living in the wilderness. He didn't own much but it was enough to keep him alive for many months. It really showed how much nature has helped change Chris into the person who really was.
Chapter 18: The excerpt from The Hungry Summer by John M. Campbell talked about the risks of living in the wilderness and feeding off natural food that comes from outside. He stated that "the life of a hunter carries with it the threat of deprivation and death by starvation." The next excerpt was from Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak. It talks about the meaning of a man's history. The journey of life a man had until the day of his death. These epigraphs connect to chapter eighteen because in this chapter, Krakauer was trying to figure out how Chris McCandless had died. He pulled out many information and had gathered them all together to figure it out. Eventually, he figured that maybe it was the food that he had eaten, molded potato seeds that had killed him. It also states parts from his journal about his journey and how he lived in Alaska. It stated the struggles the Chris was writing about that he was having and he also had jotted down his accomplishment.